{"id":10226,"date":"2020-11-24T13:08:40","date_gmt":"2020-11-24T12:08:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.umweltperspektiven.ch\/?p=3527"},"modified":"2022-02-09T11:06:48","modified_gmt":"2022-02-09T10:06:48","slug":"neutronen-weisen-luftverschmutzung-nach","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.organisator.ch\/fr\/sustainability\/2020-11-24\/neutronen-weisen-luftverschmutzung-nach\/","title":{"rendered":"Les neutrons d\u00e9tectent la pollution de l'air"},"content":{"rendered":"
\"\"
Lichen sur un tronc d'olivier - photographi\u00e9 pr\u00e8s de Ponte de Sor (comt\u00e9 de Portalegre, Portugal). (Copyrights : Dr. Nuno Canha \/ Univ. Lisabon - via TU Muenchen, FRM 2, MLZ)\u00a0<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Tradition contre pollution de l'air : dans la r\u00e9gion de Ponte de Sor (comt\u00e9 de Portalegre, Portugal), le charbon est produit depuis des si\u00e8cles par carbonisation du bois dans des meules de charbon. Mais la fabrication traditionnelle de charbon de bois n'est pas seulement source d'emplois, elle est aussi \u00e0 l'origine d'une mauvaise qualit\u00e9 de l'air.<\/p>\n

Les plaintes concernant l'odeur, les nuages de fum\u00e9e en hiver, les rapports d'asthme et d'autres maladies des voies respiratoires ne sont pas rares, explique le chimiste Dr Nuno Canha de l'Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico de l'Universit\u00e9 de Lisbonne. Cependant, aucune mesure officielle de la qualit\u00e9 de l'air n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 effectu\u00e9e jusqu'\u00e0 pr\u00e9sent.<\/p>\n

Les lichens absorbent les polluants de l'air<\/strong><\/p>\n

En cherchant une m\u00e9thode d\u00e9tourn\u00e9e pour mesurer la qualit\u00e9 de l'air, le Dr Nuno Canha est tomb\u00e9 sur l'analyse par activation gamma rapide (PGAA), rendue possible gr\u00e2ce aux neutrons du FRM II de Garching. Les neutrons y activent des traces de polluants qui sont ensuite d\u00e9tectables m\u00eame \u00e0 des concentrations infimes.<\/p>\n

Pour son \u00e9tude, le Dr Canha a collect\u00e9 des lichens qui poussent sur les troncs d'oliviers dans la r\u00e9gion des fours \u00e0 charbon de bois. Les lichens sont une communaut\u00e9 de vie compos\u00e9e d'un champignon et d'une algue sans racines. \"Comme ils absorbent tous leurs nutriments par l'air, ils sont un excellent indicateur de la qualit\u00e9 de l'air\", explique Nuno Canha. Il a cueilli un lot au printemps, l'autre en automne, afin d'exclure les diff\u00e9rences saisonni\u00e8res.<\/p>\n

Plus de stress \u00e0 proximit\u00e9 des charbonni\u00e8res<\/strong><\/p>\n

Un indicateur de l'exposition des lichens aux polluants atmosph\u00e9riques est leur conductivit\u00e9, car les fines membranes cellulaires se brisent en cas de pollution extr\u00eame, ce qui augmente la conductivit\u00e9 des lichens.<\/p>\n

Nuno Canha a constat\u00e9 qu'en automne, les lichens situ\u00e9s \u00e0 proximit\u00e9 imm\u00e9diate des fours de production de charbon pr\u00e9sentaient une conductivit\u00e9 deux fois plus \u00e9lev\u00e9e que les lichens situ\u00e9s plus loin des fours. Au printemps, cette diff\u00e9rence entre les diff\u00e9rents sites n'\u00e9tait pas aussi \u00e9vidente.<\/p>\n

Le scientifique suppose que cela est d\u00fb \u00e0 la p\u00e9riode de pluie qui a pr\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9 la cueillette des lichens au printemps et qui a fait baisser le niveau de stress des \u00eatres vivants, alors qu'avant la cueillette en automne, il faisait plut\u00f4t sec.<\/p>\n

Autres sources de pollution en automne et au printemps<\/strong><\/p>\n

En collaboration avec les scientifiques de la TUM, le Dr Zsolt R\u00e9vay et le Dr Christian Stieghorst, Nuno Canha a utilis\u00e9 l'analyse d'activation gamma rapide pour d\u00e9tecter 22 \u00e9l\u00e9ments dans les lichens.<\/p>\n

La diff\u00e9rence entre les concentrations de phosphore (P) et de soufre (S), \u00e9l\u00e9ments pr\u00e9sents dans la fum\u00e9e du bois br\u00fbl\u00e9, \u00e9tait particuli\u00e8rement frappante en automne. Les lichens que Canha a collect\u00e9s dans le voisinage direct des charbonniers contenaient en automne plus du double de P et les plus fortes concentrations de S, par rapport \u00e0 tous les autres endroits.<\/p>\n

\"Cela correspond bien aux mesures de conductivit\u00e9 qui attestent \u00e9galement d'un stress plus \u00e9lev\u00e9 des lichens en automne, juste \u00e0 c\u00f4t\u00e9 des fours\", explique Canha. En revanche, au printemps, ce sont surtout les lichens situ\u00e9s \u00e0 proximit\u00e9 d'une zone habit\u00e9e avec peu de trafic qui contenaient plus de soufre et de phosphore. Nuno Canha attribue cela aux gaz d'\u00e9chappement des po\u00eales \u00e0 bois priv\u00e9s et aux influences m\u00e9t\u00e9orologiques.<\/p>\n

Nuno Canha esp\u00e8re que l'\u00e9tude attirera davantage l'attention des autorit\u00e9s sur l'influence de la production traditionnelle de charbon sur la qualit\u00e9 de l'air. Par exemple, les filtres \u00e0 air pourraient \u00e9liminer les polluants des gaz d'\u00e9chappement.<\/p>\n

Publication :<\/em><\/p>\n

Nuno Canha, Ana Rita Justino, Catarina Galinha, Joana Lage, Christian Stieghorst, Zsolt Revay, C\u00e9lia Alves, Susana Marta Almeida-<\/em>
\nCaract\u00e9risation \u00e9l\u00e9mentaire de lichens natifs collect\u00e9s dans une r\u00e9gion affect\u00e9e par la production traditionnelle de charbon de bois<\/em>
\nJournal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry 325:293-302 (2020)<\/em>
\nhttps:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10967-020-07224-3<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

Plus d'informations :<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ce travail a \u00e9t\u00e9 financ\u00e9 par la Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia portugaise.
\nSource de neutrons de recherche Heinz Maier-Leibnitz : https:\/\/www.frm2.tum.de<\/a><\/p>\n

Centre Heinz Maier-Leibnitz : https:\/\/mlz-garching.de\/pgaa\/de<\/a><\/p>\n

T\u00e9cnico Lisboa : https:\/\/tecnico.ulisboa.pt\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Tradition versus Luftverschmutzung: In der Region um Ponte de Sor (Landkreis Portalegre, Portugal) wird seit Jahrhunderten Kohle durch Verschwelen von Holz in Kohlenmeilern hergestellt. Doch die traditionelle Holzkohleherstellung sorgt nicht nur f\u00fcr Arbeitspl\u00e4tze, sondern auch f\u00fcr schlechte Luft. Klagen \u00fcber den Geruch, Rauchschwaden im Winter, Berichte von Asthma und anderen Atemwegserkrankungen seien keine Seltenheit, sagt […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":3528,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Luftverschmutzung","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Portugiesische Wissenschaftler untersuchen mit Hilfe der Forschungs-Neutronenquelle Heinz Maier-Leibnitz (FRM II) die Luftverschmutzung.","articlekey":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[580],"tags":[1189,1544,1653,1834,1937,2059,460],"class_list":["post-10226","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-sustainability","tag-flechten","tag-kohlestaub","tag-luftverschmutzung","tag-neutronen","tag-portugal","tag-schadstoffe","tag-studien"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nNeutronen weisen Luftverschmutzung nach - Organisator<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Portugiesische Wissenschaftler untersuchen mit Hilfe der Forschungs-Neutronenquelle Heinz Maier-Leibnitz (FRM II) die Luftverschmutzung.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.organisator.ch\/fr\/sustainability\/2020-11-24\/neutronen-weisen-luftverschmutzung-nach\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Neutronen weisen Luftverschmutzung nach - 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