{"id":10249,"date":"2021-02-18T13:37:48","date_gmt":"2021-02-18T12:37:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.umweltperspektiven.ch\/?p=3854"},"modified":"2022-02-09T11:10:49","modified_gmt":"2022-02-09T10:10:49","slug":"seen-in-mittleren-hoehenlagen-geraten-unter-druck","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.organisator.ch\/fr\/sustainability\/2021-02-18\/seen-in-mittleren-hoehenlagen-geraten-unter-druck\/","title":{"rendered":"Les lacs de moyenne altitude sont sous pression"},"content":{"rendered":"
\"Eawag\"
\u00a9 Depositphotos, PantherMediaSeller<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Les lacs sont soumis \u00e0 de forts cycles saisonniers. Dans de nombreux lacs suisses de moyenne et haute altitude, l'eau se m\u00e9lange au printemps et en automne, de la surface jusqu'au fond. Cet \u00e9change vertical influence de nombreux processus chimiques et \u00e9cologiques. L'eau de surface, riche en oxyg\u00e8ne et pauvre en nutriments, se m\u00e9lange \u00e0 l'eau du fond du lac, pauvre en oxyg\u00e8ne et riche en nutriments. Parall\u00e8lement, la temp\u00e9rature du lac s'\u00e9quilibre sur toute la profondeur. En hiver et en \u00e9t\u00e9, en revanche, les eaux profondes sont s\u00e9par\u00e9es des processus de surface par une stratification stable. Les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes lacustres et l'ensemble du r\u00e9seau alimentaire, du plancton aux poissons, sont adapt\u00e9s \u00e0 ces variations saisonni\u00e8res.<\/p>\n

Le changement climatique modifie les cycles saisonniers<\/strong><\/p>\n

Comme le montre aujourd'hui une nouvelle \u00e9tude de mod\u00e9lisation informatique de l'Institut de recherche de l'eau Eawag, le changement climatique intervient profond\u00e9ment dans ces cycles des lacs suisses. \"L'ampleur de la r\u00e9action de la circulation des lacs au changement climatique d\u00e9pend notamment de leur altitude et de leur taille. Ce sont surtout les lacs situ\u00e9s \u00e0 moyenne altitude qui sont tr\u00e8s sensibles\", explique Love R\u00e5man Vinn\u00e5, du d\u00e9partement de recherche sur les eaux de surface.<\/p>\n

Pour cette \u00e9tude, une \u00e9quipe de chercheurs autour de R\u00e5man Vinn\u00e5 a analys\u00e9 29 lacs suisses le long d'un gradient d'altitude allant de 193 m \u00e0 1797 m au-dessus du niveau de la mer. Ils ont simul\u00e9 les processus dynamiques des lacs \u00e0 l'aide du mod\u00e8le physique unidimensionnel Simstrat. Pour la premi\u00e8re fois, R\u00e5man Vinn\u00e5 et son \u00e9quipe ont en outre pu utiliser les nouveaux sc\u00e9narios climatiques suisses (CH2018), qui tiennent compte de la topographie complexe des Alpes et repr\u00e9sentent ainsi le climat local de mani\u00e8re plus d\u00e9taill\u00e9e. Les effets du changement climatique sur la dynamique des lacs peuvent ainsi \u00eatre simul\u00e9s avec plus de pr\u00e9cision que dans les \u00e9tudes pr\u00e9c\u00e9dentes. Trois sc\u00e9narios futurs ont \u00e9t\u00e9 utilis\u00e9s : le sc\u00e9nario le plus pessimiste pr\u00e9voit une augmentation continue des \u00e9missions de gaz \u00e0 effet de serre, dans un sc\u00e9nario interm\u00e9diaire, les \u00e9missions atteignent un pic vers 2050 et le sc\u00e9nario le plus s\u00e9v\u00e8re limite le r\u00e9chauffement global \u00e0 2\u00b0 C. Le sc\u00e9nario le plus pessimiste pr\u00e9voit une augmentation des \u00e9missions de gaz \u00e0 effet de serre de l'ordre de 10 % par an.<\/p>\n

M\u00e9lange des lacs en moyenne altitude fortement modifi\u00e9<\/strong><\/p>\n

Les r\u00e9sultats des simulations donnent une image claire : si le climat se r\u00e9chauffe de plus de 2\u00b0 C, de nombreux lacs de moyenne altitude risquent de perdre leur couverture de glace au cours du 21e si\u00e8cle, comme le lac de Joux ou le lac du Kl\u00f6ntal. Moins de glace signifie une augmentation des \u00e9changes verticaux entre les eaux de surface et les eaux profondes. Cela s'oppose \u00e0 la formation d'une stratification stable en hiver et raccourcit donc sa dur\u00e9e. En revanche, en \u00e9t\u00e9, la dur\u00e9e de la stratification stable s'allonge, ce qui augmente le risque de manque d'oxyg\u00e8ne dans les eaux profondes. La stratification prolong\u00e9e en \u00e9t\u00e9 favorise en outre la croissance d'algues de cyanobact\u00e9ries toxiques.<\/p>\n

En moyenne altitude, de nombreux lacs pourraient donc passer d'un r\u00e9gime de m\u00e9lange dimictique, avec deux brassages de l'eau du fond par an, \u00e0 un r\u00e9gime monomictique, avec un seul brassage par an. De tels changements de r\u00e9gime ont des cons\u00e9quences fondamentales sur le stockage de la chaleur dans les lacs et sur la r\u00e9partition de l'oxyg\u00e8ne et des nutriments. Les habitats de nombreux habitants aquatiques pourraient \u00eatre consid\u00e9rablement modifi\u00e9s, car l'eau se r\u00e9chauffe par le haut et l'oxyg\u00e8ne se fait rare plus bas. \"Mais si nous parvenons \u00e0 limiter le r\u00e9chauffement climatique, nous pourrons maintenir la couverture de glace et \u00e9viter ainsi le d\u00e9placement du r\u00e9gime de m\u00e9lange pour la plupart des lacs\", explique R\u00e5man Vinn\u00e5.<\/p>\n

Les lacs de montagne et les grands lacs du Plateau conservent leur r\u00e9gime de brassage<\/strong><\/p>\n

En revanche, selon l'\u00e9tude de mod\u00e9lisation, les lacs de haute altitude, comme le lac de Saint-Moritz \u00e0 1768 m\u00e8tres, restent dimictiques dans tous les sc\u00e9narios climatiques, du moins au 21e si\u00e8cle. Il est int\u00e9ressant de constater que l'eau des lacs s'y r\u00e9chauffe certes plus fortement et que la dur\u00e9e de la couverture de glace et de la stratification stable s'y raccourcit plus rapidement en hiver qu'\u00e0 des altitudes plus basses. N\u00e9anmoins, il est peu probable que les lacs basculent au cours du si\u00e8cle actuel. Sur les lacs de haute altitude, une couche de glace continuera \u00e0 se former en hiver, de sorte qu'un m\u00e9lange vertical semestriel sera maintenu. Les grands lacs du Plateau suisse, comme le lac de Zurich ou le lac L\u00e9man, qui pr\u00e9sentent d\u00e9j\u00e0 un r\u00e9gime monomictique, conserveront vraisemblablement leurs cycles de m\u00e9lange selon l'\u00e9tude de mod\u00e9lisation.<\/p>\n

\"Les lacs suisses vont changer au cours du 21e si\u00e8cle en raison du changement climatique. Notre \u00e9tude montre toutefois qu'une protection cons\u00e9quente du climat permettrait de limiter la plupart des effets. Seuls quelques lacs d\u00e9passeraient alors un point de basculement et subiraient des changements drastiques dans leur fonctionnement\", explique R\u00e5man Vinn\u00e5.<\/p>\n

Publication originale : Love R\u00e5man Vinn\u00e5 et al. (2021) : The vulnerability of lakes to climate change along an altitudinal gradient Nature ; Nature Communications Earth & Environment ; DOI : 10.1038\/s43247-021-00106-w\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

Source : Eawag<\/em><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Seen unterliegen starken saisonalen Zyklen. In vielen Schweizer Seen in mittleren und hohen Lagen durchmischt sich das Wasser im Fr\u00fchling und Herbst von der Oberfl\u00e4che bis zum Grund. Dieser vertikale Austausch beeinflusst viele chemische und \u00f6kologische Prozesse. Sauerstoffreiches und n\u00e4hrstoffarmes Oberfl\u00e4chenwasser mischt sich mit dem sauerstoffarmen und n\u00e4hrstoffreichen Wasser vom Seegrund. Gleichzeitig wird die Seetemperatur […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":3855,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Eawag","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Eine Modellstudie zeigt, dass der Klimawandel Wassertemperatur, Eisbedeckung und Durchmischung vieler Schweizer Seen erheblich ver\u00e4ndern kann.","articlekey":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[580],"tags":[1532,2230,2526],"class_list":["post-10249","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-sustainability","tag-klimawandel","tag-studie-eawag","tag-wassertemperatur"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nSeen in mittleren H\u00f6henlagen geraten unter Druck - Organisator<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Eine Modellstudie zeigt, dass der Klimawandel Wassertemperatur, Eisbedeckung und Durchmischung vieler Schweizer Seen erheblich ver\u00e4ndern kann.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.organisator.ch\/fr\/sustainability\/2021-02-18\/seen-in-mittleren-hoehenlagen-geraten-unter-druck\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Seen in mittleren H\u00f6henlagen geraten unter Druck - 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